Death in the 18th century was a common occurrence. Funeral customs during this period were, "attended by as much ceremony and display as the family resources permitted" (Olson 1999). This was part of an 18th century trend whereby death and funeral customs were becoming more commercialized, as the increasing availability of mourning clothes, jewelry and invitations pushed these traditions into wider practice (Holme 2004) (Fig 1).

Archaeologically, jewelry would preserve better in the ground over time than paper invitations and clothing, although it is not found frequently. At the Smith's St. Leonard site, at JPPM, a small copper finger ring fragment was found near a 1711 house foundation. Unfortunately, because of its fragmentary state, it isn’t possible to say whether or not the Smith ring is a mourning ring. However, the black enamel that was revealed after conservation is frequently associated with mourning jewelry.

Mourning rings were made of gold, silver, or copper. The bands were typically enameled in black or white: black enamel for individuals who were married, and white enamel for those who were not (Barton 2013, White 2005). The name of the deceased, their age and date of death were also included on the band. More ornate rings could also feature death-related symbols, coffin-shaped stones, portraits, or hair fragments from the deceased (White 2005) (Fig 2).

The Smith's St. Leonard ring probably would have been less elaborate. It is copper, possibly a copper alloy called "Pinchbeck," which closely resembles gold in appearance (Oxford English Dictionary). The band appears to have been broken or cut, possibly damaged when the site was plowed after it had been deposited. The center stone is also missing. The exterior of the band has some remaining black enamel as does the back of the ridged setting (Fig. 3).

Mourning rings are mentioned several times in the probate inventories and wills of the Smith family who lived at the site. In 1748, Richard Smith bequeathed to his brother John, "the mourning ring sent me by my uncle Bennett after the death of his wife, my aunt" (MSA, Wills, 477-478). Nathaniel Smith gave his cousins, "Young Parran and Elizabeth his wife each of them a genteel suit of mourning which I request they wear for my sake" (MSA, Wills, 390-391) John Smith stated in his will that his twin cousins, Richard and Charles Smith were also to receive "each of them a suit of mourning" (MSA, Wills, 105-106) John also left to Susannah Mackall, daughter of a close family friend, James John Mackall, "the mourning ring my brother Nathaniel Smith left me" (MSA, Wills, 105-106). When John died in 1754, "2 small mourning Rings 40/ - 2 Larger 50/" were listed in his probate inventory (MSA, Inventories and Accounts, 446-451). The Smith's inventories and wills indicate mourning rings, as well as clothing, were a sentimental and valuable item. Not only were provisions made for extended family to receive suits of mourning, they also received mourning rings that were handed down from family member to family member. The wills and probate inventories of the Smith's—and likely their artifacts—suggest that as a prominent family in colonial Maryland they were active participants in the growing material aspect of mourning.

References

Barton, Caroline

​2013    "Mourning rings: portable and poignant souvenirs." British Museum Blog, accessed 2/2/2014, http://blog.britishmuseum.org/2013/10/31/mourning-rings-portable-and-poignant-souvenirs/.

Holme, Christine

​2004    "Sentimental Cuts: 18th century Mourning Jewelry with Hair" Eighteenth-Century Studies. Vol. 38, No. 1 Hair (Fall, 2004) pp.139-143.

Olsen, Kristin

​1999    Daily Life in 18th-century England. Greenwood Press. Westport, CT.

Oxford English Dictionary

​2014    Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. OED Online, accessed 28/2/1014, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/.

White, Carolyn L.

​2005    American Artifacts of Personal Adornment, 1680-1820: A Guide to Identification and Interpretation. Altamira Press, Lanham.

Image Sources

Figure 1

​Invitation to the Funeral of Mr. John Moor, http://maa.missouri.edu/exhibitions/finalfarewell/memento2.html.

Figure 2

​A: White Enameled Mourning Ring with Clear Crystal and Skull Decoration, http://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/mourning-ring-7#sthash.AKINw4wJ.dpuf. B Eye Portrait Mourning Ring, http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=40562&partId=1&searchText=mourning+ring&images=true&page=1. C Black Enameled Mourning Ring with Pick, Shovel, Wings, Hourglass and Bone imagery, http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=34466&partId=1 . D Coffin Shaped Stone Mourning Ring, http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=41915&partId=1&searchText=mourning+ring&images=true&page=2