Kirk Corner Notched
Defining Attributes
The Kirk Corner Notched point has a large triangular blade with bifacially serrated edges, corner notches, and a straight base.
Chronology
The Kirk Corner Notched point dates to the Early Archaic period. Justice (1987) suggests a date range of 9500 to 8900 BP (approximately 8800-8100 BC in calendar years) for the Kirk Corner Notched Cluster, but that group includes the Palmer point, which Coe (1964) argues was the antecedent of the Kirk. The Virginia Department of Historic Resources (www.dhr.virginia.gov) uses a range of 9400 to 8500 BP (8600-7550 BC). Steponaitis (1980) places the Kirk Corner Notched between 9200 and 8900 BP (8400-8100 BC). At the St. Albans site in West Virginia, Broyles (1971) obtained radiocarbon dates of 6900 ± 320 BC (approximately 8100 BC calendar) and 6850 ± 320 BC (approximately 8000 BC) from strata containing this type. On the Nottoway River in Virginia, Kirk Corner Notched points were recovered below the Decatur and above the Fort Nottoway (Big Sandy) points (McAvoy and McAvoy 1997). At the stratified Pig Point site in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, a probable Kirk Corner Notched was recovered in a layer with two hearths that produced three radiocarbon dates ranging from 7530 ± 50 BP to 7290 ± 50 BP, or approximately 6400-6200 BC (Luckenbach 2011). In the Northeast, radiocarbon dates ranging from 6825 BP to 7550 BP have been reported, but largely rejected as too young (Funk 1993; Justice 1987). In light of the Pig Point site dates, perhaps the Kirk Corner Notched continued in use in the North long after it disappeared in the Southeast.
Description
Blade
The blade is triangular, with straight or excurvate edges. The edges are serrated (sometimes deeply) and occasionally beveled, which would suggest re-sharpening.
Haft Element
Bases may be as wide as—or wider—than the blade and are generally straight or slightly concave or convex, and can be ground. Kirk Corner Notched points have well-defined shoulders; many are straight, but most have barbs projecting toward the base, forming a notch 10 to 14 mm wide.
Size
Length ranges from 40 to 100 mm, with an average of 60mm. Width ranges from 20 to 45 mm, with an average of 30 mm. Thickness ranges from 6 to 12 mm, with an average of 8 mm.
Technique of Manufacture
The basic blade appeared to have been made with broad, shallow, soft percussion flakes. The edges were then shaped by pressure flaking, with the serrated edges produced last. Some exhibit parallel flaking.
Material
In a sample of 46 Kirk Corner Notched points from the lower Patuxent drainage, Steponaitis (1980) reported that 40% were quartz, followed by rhyolite (32%), quartzite (23%), and chert (5%). In the area surrounding Zekiah Swamp on the lower Potomac, Wanser (1982) found that 57% of 46 Kirk Corner Notched points were quartz, with 22% rhyolite, 15% quartzite, and 6% chert and jasper. In the Monocacy River drainage, 59% of Kirks (all types) are rhyolite (Kavanagh 1982), while chert is the predominate material in the middle Potomac River Valley (Hranicky 2002). In the Hagerstown Valley, a majority of Kirk points were rhyolite (particularly in the eastern areas closest to rhyolite quarries), followed by lesser amounts of chert, quartzite, and jasper (Stewart 1980). In Western Maryland, Kirk points are commonly made from local and non-local cherts, as well as siltstone and occasionally rhyolite (Wall 1991, 1992). In Delaware, Kirk Corner Notched points are almost all chert or jasper (Custer 1996).
Discussion
The Kirk Corner Notched is found across nearly all of the eastern United States (Justice 1987). Coe (1964) suggests that it evolved out of the smaller Palmer Corner Notched, which exhibits the basal grinding that the Kirk sometimes lacks, and eventually evolved into the Kirk Stemmed. Broyles (1971) describes an earlier small and a later large variety of Kirk Corner Notched, but some researchers feel the small variety is the same as the Palmer, without the basal grinding (Justice 1987). Broyles (1971) notes that her large variety – the “classic” Kirk Corner Notched – sometimes has light basal grinding. Even at the Hardaway site excavated by Coe, nearly half of the Kirk Corner Notched points exhibited some degree of basal grinding (Daniel 1998). Because there is some overlap both chronologically and morphologically (including degree of basal grinding) between the Palmer and Kirk corner notched types, Custer (1996) suggests it is simpler to combine the two points into one type dated between 10,000 and 9000 BP. Others have also suggested combining the types and eliminating one or the other (Ward and Davis 1999). However, Daniel (1998) and others have noted that Palmers have a tang that is roughly half as long as it is wide (length:width ratio of 0.49), which distinguishes it from more elongated (ratio of 0.65) Kirk tangs.
Defined in Literature
Coe (1964) originally defined the type from examples recovered at the Hardaway site in North Carolina. Broyles (1971) also discusses this type based on points recovered from the St. Albans Site in West Virginia.
References
1971 The St. Albans Site, Kanawha County, West Virginia. West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Report of Archeological Investigations 3, Morgantown, WV.
1964 The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 54(5). Philadelphia.
1996 A Guide to Prehistoric Arrowheads and Spear Points of Delaware. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Delaware, Newark.
1998 Hardaway Revisited: Early Archaic Settlement in the Southeast. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
1993 Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State: Volume 1. Persimmon Press, Buffalo.
2002 Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States: A Modern Survey and Reference. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
1982 Archeological Resources of the Monocacy River Region, Frederick and Carroll Counties, Maryland: Final Report. Maryland Geological Survey, Division of Archeology, File Report 164.
2011 Two Dated Archaic Period Hearths from Pig Point (18AN50). Maryland Archeology 47(1):31-34.
1997 Archaeological Investigations of Site 44SX202, Cactus Hill, Sussex County. Virginia Department of Historic Resources Research Report Series n. 8, Richmond.
1980 A Survey of Artifact Collections from the Patuxent River Drainage, Maryland. Maryland Historical Trust Monograph Series 1. Maryland Historical Trust and Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD.
1980 Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence Patterns and the Testing of Predictive Site Location Models in the Great Valley of Maryland. Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University of America.
1991 Early to Middle Archaic Period Occupations in Western Maryland: A Preliminary Model. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 7:53-66.
1992 Lithic Resource Utilization in Western Maryland Prehistory. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 8:1-10.
1982 A Survey of Artifact Collections from Central Southern Maryland. Maryland Historical Trust Manuscript Series 23. Maryland Historical Trust and Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis.
1999 Time Before History: The Archaeology of North Carolina. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.