Fishtail Types
Defining Attributes
The Fishtail points are slender and medium sized, characterized by a narrow, lanceolate blade that merges into a flaring stem shaped like a fishtail. They are sometimes separated into two types, Orient and Dry Brook, based on the angle of the shoulders.
Chronology
The Fishtail points date to the transition period between the Late Archaic and Early Woodland. Ritchie (1971) reports radiocarbon dates ranging from 1044 ± 300 BC to 763 ± 220 BC (approximately 1275-850 BC in calendar years) in eastern New York, while Kinsey (1972) indicates dates from 1280 ± 120 BC to 810 ± 100 BC (1500-900 BC calendar) in the upper Delaware Valley. Funk (1993) suggests a range of 1200 to 1000 BC (roughly 1400-1150 BC calendar) in the upper Susquehanna Valley. Steponaitis (1980) places the Fishtail points more broadly between 1500 and 750 BC (1750-850 BC calendar) in Southern Maryland, while Custer (1996) suggests a range of 1200 to 800 BC (1400-900 BC calendar) in Delaware.
Description
Blade
The blade is narrow and lanceolate, and in cross section may be biconvex or nearly flat. The edges are typically excurvate, and often asymmetrical as a result of resharpening. The shoulders are weak and sloping. They are part of a continuous curve on Orient types, but are sharply defined on Dry Brooks.
Haft Element
The blade merges into a stem that is commonly expanded (although it is occasionally straight sided or contracting), sometimes giving it the appearance of shallow, poorly-defined side notches. The base is most often concave, but can be straight. The stem and base can be ground.
Size
Length ranges from 30 to 101 mm with an average of 63mm. Width ranges from 14 to 25 mm. Thickness ranges from 5 to 11 mm.
Technique of Manufacture
Fishtail points are carefully flaked from a long preform using a combination of soft percussion and pressure retouching.
Material
In a sample of 102 Fishtail points from the lower Patuxent drainage, Steponaitis (1980) reported that 72% were quartzite, followed by quartz (16%), rhyolite (10%), and jasper (2%). In the area surrounding Zekiah Swamp on the lower Potomac, Wanser (1982) found that 47% of 74 Fishtail points were quartz, with 37% quartzite and 16% rhyolite. Cresthull (1972) described 23 Fishtails from Harford and Cecil counties in northern Maryland, with 57% rhyolite, 26% quartz, and 9% each of quartzite and chert. In the Monocacy River drainage, 86% of 97 Fishtails were rhyolite, with lesser amounts of quartz, chert, and argillite (Kavanagh 1982). In the Hagerstown Valley, 96% of 27 Fishtail points were rhyolite, with the rest jasper (Stewart 1980). Rhyolite is also the most common material in the middle Potomac, followed by smaller amounts of quartzite (Hranicky 2002). Local cherts and siltstones are commonly used for Fishtails in far Western Maryland (Wall 1992). In Delaware, chert and argillite are the most common materials used (Custer 1996).
Discussion
Fishtail-type points are found throughout the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions. Some see a southern derivation for the points and note their similarity to Halifax and small Savannah River points (Dent 1995), while others point to a relationship with the northern Susquehanna and Perkiomen types (Kinsey 1972). Fishtails have traditionally been divided into two types, the Dry Brook and the Orient. The main distinction between the two is that the Orient tends to be more slender, with shoulders that are more rounded and sloping when compared to the sharper angles of the Dry Brook shoulders. However, the Orient overlaps morphologically with the Dry Brook, producing specimens that, for example, have one sloping shoulder and one sharply angled shoulder (Kinsey 1972). For this reason, many researchers combine the two types (Custer 1996). In the Mid-Atlantic, some Fishtails are found with soapstone vessels and early pottery (Dent 1995).
Defined in Literature
This type was originally described by Witthoft (1953). Ritchie (1959; 1971) coined the name “Orient Fishtail” and formalized the definition. David Werner (in Kinsey 1972) first distinguished the Dry Brook from the Orient.
References
1972 Fishtail and Related Points in Maryland. Maryland Archaeology 8(1):13-22.
1996 A Guide to Prehistoric Arrowheads and Spear Points of Delaware. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Delaware, Newark.
1995 Chesapeake Prehistory: Old Traditions, New Directions. Plenum Press, New York.
1993 Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State: Volume 1. Persimmon Press, Buffalo.
2002 Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
1982 Archeological Resources of the Monocacy River Region, Frederick and Carroll Counties, Maryland: Final Report. Maryland Geological Survey, Division of Archeology, File Report 164.
1972 Archeology in the Upper Delaware Valley: A Study of the Cultural Chronology of the Tocks Island Reservoir. The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.
1959 The Stony Brook Site and its Relation to Archaic and Transitional Cultures on Long Island. New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 372. Albany.
1971 A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 384. Albany.
1980 A Survey of Artifact Collections from the Patuxent River Drainage, Maryland. Maryland Historical Trust Monograph Series 1. Maryland Historical Trust and Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD.
1992 Lithic Resource Utilization in Western Maryland Prehistory. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 8:1-10.
1982 A Survey of Artifact Collections from Central Southern Maryland. Maryland Historical Trust Manuscript Series 23. Maryland Historical Trust and Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis.
1953 Broad Spearpoints and the Transitional Period Cultures in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 23(1):4-31.